Gen5 / controlled computational study

Commanded CubeSat deployment.

VOLLEY studies a reusable electromagnetic release path for passive CubeSats. Native CAD, electromagnetic models and matched orbital campaigns evaluate the mechanism, its installed resources and the value of individually commanded deployment.

Gen5 computational studyNative CAD + STEPReproducible analyses
STEP-derived Blender storyboard of intended storage, transfer, acceleration and departure.
Intended operating sequence, rendered in Blender from FreeCAD-linked STEP geometry. Illustrative motion; engineering assessments are reported separately. Watch the sequence ↓
Gen6 / Selected feeder

Guided transfer. Independent payload custody.

FM08-R3 uses a guided lead-screw pusher to transfer passive 1U and 3U spacecraft from individually restrained fixed cassettes into one indexed receiver. Fixed 1U spacers remain inside their cassettes. The selected academic architecture uses capped transfer channels, far-side receiver stops and a reversible pusher stroke.

FM08-R3 four-cell feeder rendered from native FreeCAD geometry
Blender technical render of the native academic design. No hardware photograph or flight qualification is implied.
Local transfer
200 mm

30 s prescribed transfer; the satellite moves sideways across its 100 mm width.

Receiver indexing
900 mm

One common receiver serves the four-cell mixed-size reference.

Controlled inventory
1U + 3U

Two cells of each size, common leading datum and cassette-mounted spacers.

Design evidence
CAD + STEP

Nominal geometry, source-based sizing, load/tolerance screens and executable interlocks.

Selected mechanism and trade ↗ · Source, FreeCAD, STEP and reproduction ↗

00 / Intended operation

Follow one 3U payload through the machine.

The animation illustrates the intended operating sequence using Gen5 STEP review solids. The enclosure and near cassette shell are hidden to expose the transfer path. Geometry, contact and resource assessments are available with their respective methods and evidence boundaries.

  1. StoreTwelve reference 3U payloads are arranged in two side cassettes.
  2. HandoffTransfer one payload from its cassette to the reusable carrier.
  3. AccelerateApply electromagnetic force through the modeled powered stroke.
  4. DepartSeparate the payload and arrest the carrier for recovery.

Download video, stage views and provenance ↗ · Static fit failure ↗

02 / System resource comparison

Installed mass and host propellant.

In a matched one-event reference, ideal finite-force Gen5 uses 1.866 kg less host fuel than a spring class when both carry 10 kg. Its modeled device is 54.562 kg heavier. If fuel is hypothetically resized for only that event and equal reserve, Gen5 still carries 52.717 kg more device plus fuel.

At the same ideal speed, that narrow parity screen requires about 52.630 kg less Gen5 device dry mass. It is a redesign target, not a selected solution, complete twelve-shot mission or validated motor rating.

Spring class is 76.659 kg device plus one-event loaded fuel; ideal Gen5 is 129.377 kg, a 52.717 kg higher reference proxy
Modeled device plus fuel sized for one ideal release, including equal reserve. Recompute from source ↗
03 / Inspect the model

Geometry, forces and system burden.

CAD renders and computational outputs are accompanied by source references.

STEP-derived top view of the track and two side cassettes, enclosure and payload proxies hidden
Reference placement. The 11 mm width shortfall and 17 intersecting solid pairs come from FreeCAD B-reps, not image scaling.
Calculated finite-array force and work along the Gen5 stroke
Finite-array force. The model shows force roll-off near the stator end. Method and limits ↗
Modeled Gen5 mass per 3U compared with approximate mass screens
Installed burden. The evaluated 3U mass criterion fails; supplier-qualified mass is still open.
Modeled matched mission comparison for VOLLEY and alternatives
Mission comparison. No sampled twelve-shot reference campaign closes. These are bounded simulations.
19 October / Native propagation follow-up

Inspect the orbit calculations.

Executed GMAT and Orekit cases, visible numerical residuals, and the limits of the archived twelve-orbit campaign. The 19 October follow-up isolates the dominant gravity-axis mismatch; shared-pole continuous-arc agreement is approximately 1.285 mm, without a physical accuracy claim.

Matched native solver residuals and diagnostic sequence
Computed native output; prescribed release states. This is not a flight or hardware result.

Read the orbital evidence

16 October / Evidence revision

The evaluated configuration is traceable.

The 23-line mass ledger, all 22 Gen5/R1 intersections, uncertainty and fault boundaries, and corrected archived GMAT readback now have explicit dispositions. A separate numerical integration reproduces the historical lifetime ratio under a shared static atmosphere; actual lifetime and hardware performance remain unvalidated.

04 / Separate development study

Gen6: mixed-size deployment and reusable handling.

The reference service carries two passive 1U and two passive 3U spacecraft on a generic maneuvering orbital-transfer host near 500 km sun-synchronous orbit. Releases occur within one orbital period; all terminal position and velocity targets share one epoch 24 hours after the final release. Host-assisted spring deployment uses the same comparison boundary.

FM07-R5 defines cassette transfer, captive receiver pins, exit-gate opening and empty-carrier reset for dedicated 1U and 3U handling coupons. Its nominal checks cover 46 cycle poses, 34 intermediate gate angles and 40 continuous linear sweeps. Twenty assembly STEP files and 74 individual parts pass independent exchange inspection.

These are nominal geometry results. Loaded fits, installed actuation and the seven-concept selection gates remain engineering requirements. FCE12 separately evaluates contact representation and final-state sensitivity on FM06 geometry. A 1 km/s-class release remains a long-range research objective.

FM07-R5 native CAD rendered with its exit gate open
Exit-open nominal state. Blender Workbench render of actual FreeCAD geometry; no launch dynamics represented.
Empty reference carrier returned to its handling datum
Empty-carrier reset detail. The departed payload is hidden in this render; its full geometry remains in the source assembly.
Gen6 / New engineering review

Seven feeders, one declared transfer task.

Native FreeCAD/STEP geometry, load and tolerance cases, fault requirements and native CalculiX fixture results. Actual joint, handoff, arrest and installed-hardware gates remain open; no unverified baseline is selected.

Native lunar coast results

Eighteen GMAT lunar cases: native histories, sphere-stop outcomes and separate time-step/gravity-field sensitivities.

22 October numerical review

Complete-angle gate clearance and native contact-model diagnosis: source-linked plots, revised STEP geometry and retained numerical acceptance limits.

Transfer and servicing studies

CT-01 continuous nominal feed sequence and RPL-01 replenishment disposition: native geometry, stop/fit failures and explicit hardware boundaries.

Native campaign verification

Full event replay and precision budgets: 51 native cases, numerical agreement, control-error sensitivities and provisional measurement/host requirements.

21 October: geometry, stiffness and native contact review

The separate FM06-R1 research revision contains 30 native assembly/STEP poses, 70 independently checked reference part exchanges and 28 continuous prescribed rigid-translation checks. A backstop junction missed by solid-validity checks is corrected. These are nominal geometry results, not manufacturing or loaded-clearance acceptance.

FM06-R1 cassette-to-sled transfer geometry rendered from native FreeCAD solids
Blender Workbench render of actual CAD; the payload remains retained. Installed actuation, rail-end interfaces and forward-stop release remain unresolved.
Earlier and revised receiver displacement under the same clamped-bore component-fixture loads
Twelve actual-FM06 analyses and forty historical receiver cases use idealized clamped pin bores. The current 3U one-dog mean displacement is 0.05998 mm at 1,000 N, versus 1.883 mm for FM02. Historical FM03 is a different geometry. This does not bound assembled stiffness or approve material strength.
Native contact-force and final-position sensitivity to integration step
The twelve-case Project Chrono campaign is not accepted as a validated contact model. Force peaks and final poses remain sensitive, and independent B-rep checks detect represented payload/fork overlap. No delivery-accuracy or dynamic-clearance claim follows.

Self-contained report, native inputs, CAD/STEP, checks and retained failures. At that historical study revision, all seven feeder architectures remained unselected. Evaluated Gen5 is unchanged.

Feeder actuation and captive handoff

FM-02 / IDR-01 / FSR-01 · 20 October: 28 native/STEP poses, continuous rigid-motion checks, source-backed ground-drive screens and explicit fit, thermal, braking and cycle-time failures. Actual actuation and installed integration remain open; that study did not select a feeder.

Actual FreeCAD view of the unselected FM-02 captive-transfer mechanism
Genuine native CAD capture; nominal geometry, not a manufactured or qualified product.

Feeder contact verification

The FCE12 numerical study checks collision geometry, unit scaling and final-state sensitivity. It includes twelve native cases, fourteen planar controls and 84 full-solid pose checks. Read the engineering results.